Синтаксичні особливості перекладу наукової статті (на матеріалі журналу “stahl und eisen”)

Копінська А.О., керівник доц. Кривуля В.О.

Національна металургійна академія України

При перекладі наукової статті на рівні синтаксису виникає проблема саме визначення одиниць синтаксису та їх інтерпретація. На нашу думку, наукова стаття – це конгломерат когнітивної інформації, яка міститься в тканині самого тексту. Тому нами був здійснений аналіз складнопідрядних речень в наукових статтях на матеріалі журналу “Stahl und Eisen” з точки зору опису їх внутрішньої структури, комунікативного типу речень, побудованих на основі деяких конкретних словосполучень, які носять в собі когнітивну інформацію.

У результаті аналізу було виявлено наступне:

1) Для правильного розуміння та перекладу складнопідрядного речення необхідно, насамперед, врахувати його конкретну структуру або модель в цілому;

2) Для полегшення сприйняття перекладеного складнопідрядного речення інколи доцільно переставляти члени речення при перекладі;

3) Додаткові речення та інфінітивні конструкції при перекладі можна розташовувати до чи після головного речення.

CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL

Святецька В.В., керівник ст. викл. Давидова Т.А. Національна металургійна академія України

There are two main methods of teeming steel. Depending on the fact whether the moulds or continuous casting machines are filled with steel the main methods of teeming used in steelmaking are classified as teeming steel in moulds (the downhill and uphill) and the continuous casting of steel.

The continuous casting of steel is a principally new and advanced process of casting. The machines for continuous casting (MNLZ) employ ladles of 50-350 ton capacity. There are three types of continuous casting machines: the vertical caster, the curved caster, the horizontal caster.

The machines for continuous casting function as follows. Molten iron is poured from the ladle via the tundish into the water-cooled bottomless copper mould where the continuous casting undergoes successive solidification. Rollers draw the ingot from the mould while it is additionally cooled by water ejected through holes from a system of pipes. The continuous casting is then cut into suitable lengths by the gas cutter. The ready castings are conveyed by the pendulum manipulator to the inclined conveyer which moves them to the table. Prior to casting, a movable bottom is introduced into the mould, the cross section of the bottom corresponding to that of the mould. As the steel is poured into the mould, it solidifies at the walls and bottoms, taking the shape of an ingot.

The machine features a highest level of mechanization and automation, which improves the working conditions for the personnel. Continuous steel casting has a number of advantages over ordinary casting. Among these are the lower consumption of metal (10—15 percent) per ton of usable rolled products through a reduction in trimming from the top and bottom parts of the stock and lower capital expenditures for the construction of metallurgical plants, since continuous casting requires no supply of ingot moulds and consequently there is no need for plant divisions for the production of the moulds and for the extraction of stock from the moulds. In addition, continuous casting creates conditions for full mechanization and automation of the casting process. Finally, the more rapid solidification during the continuous casting process leads to increased homogeneity and better quality of the metal. Other advantages are: a more uniform structure of the ingots, a sharp reduction of losses of metal in runners and shrinkage cavities, since the cavity is formed only in the last section of the continuous casting.

Continuous casting has evolved from a batch process into a sophisticated continuous process. This transformation has occurred through understanding principles of mechanical design, heat-transfer, steel metallurgical properties and stress-strain relationships, to produce a product with excellent shape and quality. In recent years, the process has been optimized through careful integration of electro-mechanical sensors, computer-control, and production planning to provide a highly-automated system designed for the new millennium.

METHODS OF TEEMING STEEL IN INGOTS

Ісаєва Ю.О., керівник ст. викл. Давидова Т.А.

Національна металургійна академія України

Steel teeming is the final process of steelmaking, which provides a conversion of steel from the liquid condition to the solid state forming a certain geometric figure. Nowadays there are two main methods of teeming steel: teeming in moulds (the downhill and uphill teeming) and the continuous casting of steel.

The downhill teeming is employed when making large ingots of a mass of 10-100 tons and more. The advantages of this method are: the trains of moulds are easier to prepare for teeming; there is no loss of steel with runners; the steel is free from non-metallic inclusions. The disadvantages of downhill teeming are: the formation of double skins on the surface of ingots caused by splashing of steel; a higher rate of filling moulds.

The uphill teeming is employed when making ingots of a mass up to 10 tons. The advantages of this method are: it makes possible to cast several ingots at a time; moulds are smoothly filled with steel, without splashing of metal; the gases are free to move upwards; ingots have less blow holes. The disadvantages of uphill teeming are: a more laborious work for preparing the pit or mould train, a need to use runner bricks, and a loss of steel in runners. During placing the riser a great attention should be paid to introduce the projection of the lowermost filler tube exactly into the star brick of the runner system and the sleeve of each mould must coincide with the respective hole in the runner system.

At present time a new electromagnetic steel-teeming method is inculcated in the process of steelmaking. This method using electromagnetic induction heating in slide gate system was proposed to overcome the pollution of traditional nozzle sand on the molten steel and achieve 100% automatic steel teeming. By Joule heat, this new process is to melt part or the whole of a new ladle well-packing materials (i.e. Fe–C alloy particles with similar composition as the molten steel), which is the substitute for traditional nozzle sand.

TOP 9 MYTHS DISPELLED

Sarakhman V.R., supervisor senior teacher Madzik N.P.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

Don’t drink alcohol. Take vitamins. Avoid eating eggs. We’ve heard these pieces of nutritional advice for years – but are they accurate?

This article about top 9 nutrition myths dispels them. Here you can find that it is not necessary to drink 8-ounce glasses of water per day, as people consume some amount of water from daily food. You will be surprised to know that many products use brown dyes to look as whole grain. Also you may be pleased to find out that drinking wine and beer in moderation should not pose any adverse health effects to the average healthy adult. And finally the young men should know that consuming extra protein to build muscle mass and eating immediately after a workout are not the best ways to bulk up muscle and improving recovery.