Деякі аспекти когнітивності при перекладі науково- технічного тексту (на матеріалі англ. Та нім. Текстів)

Ковбаса О.П., керівник доц. Кривуля В.О.

Національна металургійна академія України

Науково-технічні тексти мають особливу будову завдяки специфічній тематиці виробничих процесів та розгалуженій структурі. До таких текстів відносять тексти металургійного, машинобудівного, будівельного напрямків, які відрізняються насиченістю термінами та складними конструкціями. Кожний науково-технічний текст – це окрема сфера знання. Ми дослідили на прикладі текстів металургійного спрямування аспекти когнітивності. Когнітивність – це властивість термінів та складних конструкцій до вираження чіткого контексту, виконування вимог певного стилю мовлення, а також визначення належності до того чи іншого технічного напрямку. Нами було розглянуто основні засоби вираження когнітивності. До них належать лексичні (терміни, зокрема металургійного напряму) та граматичні аспекти (пасивні конструкції). Провівши порівняльний аналіз англомовних та німецькомовних текстів металургійного спрямування, ми визначили, що дані тексти насичені як лексичними, так і граматичними аспектами. Причому англомовні тексти відрізняються більш вираженими лексичними аспектами когнітивності (перевищують терміни), тоді як в німецькомовних текстах переважають граматичні (конструкції з haben, sein). Таким чином, досліджуючи дане питання, було встановлено, що в розглянутих науково-технічних текстах металургійного спрямування кількість термінів та складних граматичних конструкцій була різною, в залежності від мови тексту. Проте як лексичні, так і граматичні аспекти в однаковому об’ємі визначають та становлять когнітивність тексту.

MASS MEDIA. THE HISTORY OF DISNEY’S CARTOONS

Kovbasa O.P., supervisor senior teacher Gromova O.P.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or colored, with or without accompanying sound. Вut what is media at all? Media embraces almost all our lifestyle – newspapers, magazines, movies, recordings.How does it influence our everyday events? Mass media widely informs us, develops our outlook, educates and present the latest news all over the world. One form of mass media is animated cartoons.The subject of the article is devoted to the appearance and development of multiplicated films and the role of W. Disney in animation. Walter Elias Disney is well-known for his great contribution to making the cartoons. Moreover the world is bound to him for the invention of the feature-length sound animated cartoon.Walt Disney had shot his debut batch of cartoons in 1928 – 1930. It is necessary to say that all animators, who drew all characters of the cartoon had to investigate the behavior of the designed animals. It made all movements of the automatons feasible. Another extraordinary contribution of Walt Disney’s animated cinematograph is the usage of the camera of trichrometic film “Technicolor”. It greatly simplified the process of shooting the cartoons for follower stage-directors.Nowadays we observe the great development of cartoons, but their uprise is the merit of Walt Disney.

THE PROCESS OF TECHNICAL TRANSLATION AND ITS PECULIARITIES

Kovbasa O.P., supervisor senior teacher Davydova T.A.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

XX and XXI century is the era of rapid technological progress, new scientific achievements and discoveries. The volume of scientific and technical information increases, there by attracting more attention Physicists, including interpreters. Metallurgical terminology cannot exist without terminological units that operated in many fields of knowledge and which were and are active and permanent source of its replenishment. The process of translation metallurgical terminology for each interpreter brings some difficulties. This article is devoted to principal operations of the interpreter while working at the technical texts (using texts of metallurgical direction). In the late twentieth century scientists did not consider worthy of computer translation attention. Today this kind of translation is not only popular, but is gaining rapid development. This fact proves the simplification of translation but it does not acquit interpreter of his duties. Interpreter must know well that branch of science to which the translation belongs, to understand the meaning of the English terms’ equivalents, to keep up all describing technical processes, to explain all details using his unexceptionable native language. A man who dreams of a career interpreter cannot do without the ability to search for new concepts that are not in the dictionary and no ability to use various encyclopedic reference books, internet. Translator should have interest in development of modern science, the opportunity to consult with a specialist and, of course, seek self professionally.

ПІДСЕКЦІЯ ІНОЗЕМНА МОВА

HOW TO WRITE A RESUME

Zhigunov D. V., supervisor teacher Lapinska O.M.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

No matter what method of job hunting you use, inevitably somebody will ask you for a resume. Most companies require a resume before seriously considering a job candidate from the outside. Resumes are sometimes also required in order to receive a job transfer within a company.

The purpose of a resume is to help you obtain a job interview, not a job. Very few people are hired without a personal interview.

Effective resumes are straightforward, factual presentations of a person's experience and accomplishments. They are neither over detailed nor too sketchy. A general rule is that two or three pages in length is best.

One page seems too superficial; a four-page (or longer) resume may irritate an impatient employment official. Some writers suggest that a chronological (the standard-type) resume be used; others argue for an accomplishment resume. A useful resume should include both your experiences and key accomplishments. When sent to a prospective employer, a resume should be professionally reproduced, with particular attention to misspellings, typographical errors, and careful spacing.

To attract attention, some job seekers print resumes on tinted paper, in a menu-like folder, or on unusual-sized paper. If done in a way to attract positive attention to yourself, these approaches have merit.

CHOOSING AN OCCUPATION

Listopad A.I., supervisor teacher Lapinska O.M.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

One of the most difficult problems a young person faces is deciding what to do about a career. There are individuals, of course, who from the time they are six years old "know" that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.

Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or may find out that you will need to get some actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job.

Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to counsel you and to give detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.

But even if you get other people involved in helping you make a decision, self evaluation is an important part of the decision-making process.

ADVERTISEMENT

Polyakova O.G., supervisor teacher Lapinska O.M.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

As more customs go online, Internet-based tools like Facebook and Linkedin can help contractors promote their business – at little or no cost – by fostering new connections and showcasing their industry expertise.

Here’s a rundown of the most popular social media sites, and how they can help your business:

1. Twitter.com

Users post frequent, casual updates, making Twitter a time-intensive tool. Twitter enables to find people with similar businesses or interests.

2. Facebook.com

Facebook enables you to search people by zip code, among other demographics—and for others to find you the same way. With more than 200 million active users, Facebook is the fastest growing social network in the world.

3. YouTube.com

YouTube offers a cheap way of showcasing property or completed projects. Videos can remain on the site indefinitely, and people interested in your services can post comments through the site.

Mix your methods.

Ultimately, media experts recommend pairing online with traditional methods of communication.

“Face-to-face networking referral-building is still the most effective way for small business owners to advertise”.

THE EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Lavruhin O.D., supervisor teacher Lapinska O.M.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

There are over 90 universities in G.B. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities), in the 19^th century universities, such as London and Manchester Universities and the new universities. Some years ago there were also polytechnics. After graduating from a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 31 former polytechnics were given university status in 1992. Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Art or Science. Most degree courses at universities last three years, language courses 4 years (including a year spent abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses are longer (5-7) years. Students may receive grants from the Local Education Authority to help to pay for books, accommodation, transport, food. This grant depends on their parents’ income. Most students live away from home, in flats of halls of residence. Students don’t usually have a job during term time because the lessons called lectures, seminars, classes of tutorials (small groups), are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evenings. University life is considered «an experience». The exams are competitive but the social life and living away from home are also important. The social life is excellent with a lot of clubs, parties, concerts, bars. There are not only universities in Britain but also colleges. Colleges offer courses in teacher training, courses in technology and some professions connected with medicine.

SOME FACTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC IN ENGLAND

Timoshenko Evgeniy Language adviser: Nikitina I.P.

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

History of English music goes back to musical culture of the Celtic tribes. At that time there were various songs about labor, hunting, fishing, and other spheres of life. The most ancient genre is "carols" - originally unison religious choral hymns.

In the VI-th century in Britain Christianity was accepted. Since that time church music has been developing.

The Normans brought their culture, language, music and minstrels. Minstrels played different musical instruments. The Anglican church forbade playing the musical instruments and cruelly pursued minstrels.

But only since the Renaissance music and musicians have became professional but not anonymous. An outstanding musical monument of that epoch is "Old hall manuscript", hand-written collection of English composers.

In the 16-17 centuries in England so-called consorts (groups of people playing various instruments) have appeared. They had up to 30-40 musicians. So they were initial forms of orchestras.

But the beginning of so called "English musical revival" started at the end of the 19 century. English music developed folk motives earlier neglected by English composers.

Modern musical culture of England is influenced by radio and television. It takes one of leading national traditions in world music.

EUROPEAN STEEL DEMAND FALLS IN ECONOMIC TURMOIL

Shtapura Tatiana, Language adviser: I.P.Nikitina

The National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine

Global economic uncertainty is causing steel consumption to slow in Europe. UK based market consultants, MEPS International, say buyers feel that worldwide production cuts will hold the key to price stabilization.

In Germany the auto production still has excellent export sales, meanwhile, steel prices have weakened further. Other industries are reducing their steel stocks but trying not to lay off personnel.

Prices have decreased in the French market, despite producers’ efforts to stabilize them. All buyers agree that they are only purchasing the strict minimum, as they aim to have very low inventories by the end of the year.

Italy is trapped by poor domestic steel demand and steel consumption. Turkey and Russia are ready to do the foreign steel orders.

In the UK confidence in own strength to handle the crisis is at a low ebb. Due to the crisis, Spain is ready to lose money to generate cash.

So, buyers are reluctant to place forward orders on the mills, given the current financial climate.

THE MODERN NOTION OF MARKETING

Bedareva V.V., supervisor teacher Haenko V.V.

National metallurgical academy of Ukraine.

Marketing is the performance of business activities directed toward the flow of goods and services from producers to customers. Marketing includes buying and selling, transporting and storing, product planning, market research, product support, customer service, financing and other activities.

The various factors a company must take into consideration when developing its marketing objectives are referred to as marketing mix. Traditionally the important elements that make up the “marketing mix” are know as the four P’s: product, price, place, and promotion.

The product element of marketing refers to the goods and services that a company wants to sell.

When setting the price of a product many manufactures start with their unit production cost, the expense of making one unit of the item. They add a percentage of this cost to provide a profit for themselves. Price refers to how much money a company charges for its product.

Place is the movement of goods and services from producer to customer.

Promotion means presenting the prodact to the customer. It includes all kind of communication in marketing: advertising, sales, direct mail, in-store display, catalogues, and testers.